tag: PCIe

PCI Express Test Overview
By Keysight - 10 Apr, 2024 - Comments: 0

PCl Express, short for Peripheral Component Interconnect Express, is a high-performance and high-bandwidth serial communication interconnect standard. First proposed by Intel and further developed by the Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG) in replacement of bus-based communication architecture, such as PCI, PCI Extended (PCI-X), and Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)... » read more

NoCs In 3D Space
By Brian Bailey - 03 Apr, 2024 - Comments: 0

A network on chip (NoC) has become an essential piece of technology that enables the complexity of chips to keep growing, but when designs go 3D, or when third-party chiplets become pervasive, it's not clear how NoCs will evolve or what the impact will be on chiplet architectures. A NoC enables data to move between heterogeneous computing elements, while at the same time minimizing the resou... » read more

Building Scalable And Efficient Data Centers With CXL
By Lou Ternullo - 15 Feb, 2024 - Comments: 0

The AI boom is giving rise to profound changes in the data center; demanding AI workloads are driving an unprecedented need for low latency, high-bandwidth connectivity and flexible access to more memory and compute power when needed. The Compute Express Link (CXL) interconnect offers new ways for data centers to enhance performance and efficiency between CPUs, accelerators and storage and move... » read more

Unraveling PCIe 6.0 Loopback And Digital Near-End Loopback Feature
By Sabnam Sahoo - 21 Dec, 2023 - Comments: 0

The PCIe specification has given a specific Link Training and Status State Machine (LTSSM) state named Loopback, which is intended for test and fault isolation use. Basically, it gives a mechanism that involves looping back the data that was received in the Loopback LTSSM state. The entry and exit behavior are specified, and all other details are implementation-specific. Loopback can op... » read more

Leveraging IBIS-AMI Models To Optimize PCIe 6.0 Designs
By Synopsys - 12 Dec, 2023 - Comments: 0

The exploding demand for more data driven by advancements such as artificial intelligence and machine learning has created an increase in bandwidth (BW) for interconnects for different systems and hardware components such as graphic cards, network cards, storge devices, CPUs, memories, and many more. PCIe is the leading high-speed serial communication protocol for connecting such hardware compo... » read more

Why Are Automotive SoC Designers Turning To PCI Express 6.0?
By Richard Solomon - 07 Dec, 2023 - Comments: 0

Just over two decades ago, the introduction of PCI Express 1.0 marked the industry’s transition from then-ubiquitous parallel to serial interfaces. Back in 2002, the potential of “PCIe” in automotive applications was unforeseen – given the then-current state of in-vehicle computation and PCIe’s primary focus on desktop and data center use. Today, however, with the advent of connected ... » read more

Verifying Compliance During PCIe Re-Timer Testing Poses Challenges
By Kunal Chhabriya - 02 Nov, 2023 - Comments: 0

In PCI Express (PCIe), a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard, Compliance mode is used for testing the transmitter and interconnect to assess if their voltage and timing are compliant with the specification. This testing happens in the Polling Compliance state which is a dedicated state for Compliance testing in the Link Training and Status State Machine (LTSSM). In Unraveling the... » read more

DSP Techniques For High-Speed SerDes
By Ed Sperling - 23 Oct, 2023 - Comments: 0

Sensors everywhere, more connected devices, and the rollout of smart everything has created a flood of data. The question now is how to best handle all of that data, where to process it, and how to move it locally and to the outside network. Madhumita Sanyal, technical product manager at Synopsys, talks about the need for continuous performance improvements in SerDes, PCIe, NRZ, and PAM4, and w... » read more

Using A Retimer To Extend Reach For PCIe 6.0 Designs
By Lou Ternullo - 10 Aug, 2023 - Comments: 0

One of the biggest changes that came with PCIe 6.0 was the transition from non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling to PAM4 signaling. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) enables more bits to be transmitted at the same time on a serial channel. In PCIe 6.0, this translates to 2 bits per clock cycle for 4 amplitude levels (00, 01, 10, 11) vs. PCIe 5.0, and earlier generations, which used NRZ with 1 bit p... » read more

New Age Solution For Data Integrity And Authenticity
By Om Prakash - 27 Jun, 2023 - Comments: 0

With the advent of faster processing chips, the rate of data transfer has increased enormously. Be it artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IOT), compute intensive analytics, or cloud computing, the demand for processing data in a fraction of a second is huge. Chips with superfast computing capabilities are used in applications where malfunctions can be life threatening, such as... » read more

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