Differentiable Analog Nonvolatile CAM (dCAM) Using Memristors

Technical paper titled “Differentiable Content Addressable Memory with Memristors” from researchers at Hewlett Packard Labs and University of Hong Kong.

Abstract
“Memristors, Flash, and related nonvolatile analog device technologies offer in-memory computing structures operating in the analog domain, such as accelerating linear matrix operations in array structures. These take advantage of analog tunability and large dynamic range. At the other side, content addressable memories (CAM) are fast digital lookup tables which effectively perform nonlinear Boolean logic and return a digital match/mismatch value. Recently, nonvolatile analog CAMs have been presented merging analog storage and analog search operations with digital match/mismatch output. However, CAM blocks cannot easily be inserted within a larger adaptive system due to the challenges of training and learning with binary outputs. Here, a missing link between analog crossbar arrays and CAMs, namely a differentiable content addressable memory (dCAM), is presented. Utilizing nonvolatile memories that act as a “soft” memory with analog outputs, dCAM enables learning and fine-tuning of the memory operation and performance. Four applications are quantitatively evaluated to highlight the capabilities: improved data pattern storage, improved robustness to noise and variability, reduced energy and latency performance, and an application to solving Boolean satisfiability optimization problems. The use of dCAM is envisioned as a core building block of fully differentiable computing systems employing multiple types of analog compute operations and memories.”

Find the open access technical paper here. Published March 2022.

Pedretti, G., Graves, C. E., Van, T., Serebryakov, S., Foltin, M., Sheng, X., Mao, R., Li, C., Strachan, J. P., Differentiable Content Addressable Memory with Memristors. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2022, 2101198. https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202101198

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