The Data Center Journey, From Central Utility To Center Of The Universe


High-performance computing (HPC) has taken on many meanings over the years. The primary goal of HPC is to provide the needed computational power to run a data center – a utilitarian facility dedicated to storing, processing, and distributing data. The beginning of HPC Historically, the data being processed was the output of business operations for a given organization. Transactions, custome... » read more

Digital Power Sets The Direction For Data Center Growth In The AI Era


Data center power requirements are often in the news given the insatiable need of artificial intelligence, 5G wireless networks, and the Internet of Things to process rapidly rising data volumes. With the cloud storage market expanding at an estimated 20-plus percent annually, the world’s largest hyperscale computing companies are taking advantage of this growth to offer their customers a ... » read more

Compute Express Link (CXL): All You Need To Know


An in-depth look at Compute Express Link  (CXL) 2.0, an open standard cache-coherent interconnect between processors and accelerators, smart NICs, and memory devices. We explore how CXL is helping data centers more efficiently handle the yottabytes of data generated by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) applications. We discuss how CXL technology maintains memory c... » read more

Adaptive Clocking: Minding Your P-States And C-States


Larger processor arrays are here to stay for AI and cloud applications. For example, Ampere offers a 128-core behemoth for hyperscalers (mainly Oracle), while Esperanto integrates almost 10x more cores for AI workloads. However, power management becomes increasingly important with these arrays, and system designers need to balance dynamic power with system latency. As we march year over year, t... » read more

Evolution Of Data Center Networking Technology — IP And Beyond


Ethernet is ubiquitous—it is the core technology that defines the Internet and serves to connect the world in ways that people could not imagine even one generation ago. HPC clusters are working on solving the most challenging problems facing humanity—and cloud computing is the service hosting many of the application workloads struggling with these questions. While alternative network infra... » read more

Data Center Evolution: The Leap To 64 GT/s Signaling With PCI Express 6.0


The PCI Express (PCIe) interface is the critical backbone that moves data at high bandwidth and low latency between various compute nodes such as CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, and workload-specific accelerators. With the torrid rise in bandwidth demands of advanced workloads such as AI/ML training, PCIe 6.0 jumps signaling to 64 GT/s with some of the biggest changes yet in the standard. Download this w... » read more

Changing Server Architectures In The Data Center


Data centers are undergoing a fundamental shift to boost server utilization and improve efficiency, optimizing architectures so available compute resources can be leveraged wherever they are needed. Traditionally, data centers were built with racks of servers, each server providing computing, memory, interconnect, and possibly acceleration resources. But when a server is selected, some of th... » read more

Energy-Efficient SoCs For The Zettabyte Era Using Power-Saving IP And System Design Techniques


As the modern world becomes increasingly connected, businesses and consumers alike are relying more and more on digital data. Behind the scenes, data centers that manage all of this digital data are a somewhat silent, yet impactful, part of this connectivity revolution. These data centers are lined with servers that process digital data for everything from social media status updates to analyti... » read more

Co-Packaged Optics And The Evolution Of Switch/Optical Interconnects In Data Centers


Driven by a need to reduce power and increase bandwidth density in data center network switches and other devices, the data networking industry is moving toward adoption of co-packaged optics (CPO). This paper provides a brief overview of the history of copper and optical interconnects, the limitations of existing interconnect solutions, and the future of co-packaged optics, including the benef... » read more

Will Co-Packaged Optics Replace Pluggables?


As optical connections work their way deeper into the data center, a debate is underway. Is it better to use pluggable optical modules or to embed lasers deep into advanced packages? There are issues of convenience, power, and reliability driving the discussion, and an eventual winner isn’t clear yet. “The industry is definitely embracing co-packaged optics,” said James Pond, principal... » read more

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