What’s After PAM-4?


[This is part 2 of a 2-part series. Part 1 can be found here.] The future of high-speed physical signaling is uncertain. While PAM-4 remains one of the key standards today, there is widespread debate about whether PAM-8 will succeed it. This has an impact on everything from where the next bottlenecks are likely to emerge and the best approaches to solving them, to how chips, systems and p... » read more

Week In Review: Design, Low Power


Tools & IP Rambus debuted 112G XSR/USR PHY IP on TSMC's N7 7nm process. The PHY IP enables die-to-die and die-to-optical engine connectivity for chiplets and co-packaged optics targeting data center, networking, 5G, HPC, and AI/ML applications. It has been demonstrated in silicon to exceed the reach/BER performance of the CEI-112G XSR specification and supports NRZ and PAM-4 signaling at v... » read more

Week In Review: Auto, Security, Pervasive Computing


Security Many IoT devices have some of the 19 bugs known as Ripple20 vulnerabilities. Researchers JSOF discovered the security flaws in library produces by Treck, Inc., which is used in many IoT devices. Edge, cloud, data center Rambus delivered its 112G XSR/USR PHY IP on TSMC 7nm process (N7). The SerDes PHY was designed for chiplets and co-packaged optics (CPO) architectures that are des... » read more

High-Speed Signaling Drill-Down


Chip interconnect standards have received a lot of attention lately, with parallel versions proliferating for chiplets and serial versions moving to higher speeds. The lowliest characteristic of these interconnect schemes is the physical signaling format. Having been static at NRZ (non-return-to-zero) for decades, change is underway. “Multiple approaches are likely to emerge,” said Brig ... » read more

Data Center Scaling Requires New Interface Architectures


You can pick your favorite data points, but the bottom line is global data traffic is growing at an exponential rate driven by a confluence of megatrends. 5G networks are making possible billions of AI-powered IoT devices untethered from wired networks. Machine learning’s voracious appetite for enormous data sets is skyrocketing. Data intensive video streaming for both entertainment and busin... » read more

New Approaches For Dealing With Thermal Problems


New thermal monitoring, simulation and analysis techniques are beginning to coalesce in chips developed at leading-edge nodes and in advanced packages in order to keep those devices running at optimal temperatures. This is particularly important in applications such as AI, automotive, data centers and 5G. Heat can kill a chip, but it also can cause more subtle effects such as premature aging... » read more

Fundamental Changes In Economics Of Chip Security


Protecting chips from cyberattacks is becoming more difficult, more expensive and much more resource-intensive, but it also is becoming increasingly necessary as some of those chips end up in mission-critical servers and in safety-critical applications such as automotive. Security has been on the semiconductor industry's radar for at least the past several years, despite spotty progress and ... » read more

Scaling Anti-Tamper Protection To Meet Escalating Threats


Anti-tamper tends to be one of those catchall phrases encompassing any countermeasure on a security chip. A more precise definition would be that anti-tamper protection is any collection of countermeasures that serves to thwart an adversary’s attempt to monitor or affect the correct operation of a chip or a security core within a chip. Given that, it can be useful to think about a hierarchy o... » read more

What Makes A Chip Tamper-Proof?


The cyber world is the next major battlefield, and attackers are busily looking for ways to disrupt critical infrastructure. There is widespread proof this is happening. “Twenty-six percent of the U.S. power grid was found to be hosting Trojans," said Haydn Povey, IAR Systems' general manager of embedded security solutions. "In a cyber-warfare situation, that's the first thing that would b... » read more

Blog Review: June 3


Cadence's Paul McLellan takes a look at how Ethernet came to dominate wired networking and is now taking on automotive to provide the bandwidth necessary for the increasing number of sensors in modern vehicles. Mentor's Colin Walls notes the difficulty of assessing the quality of software, some key areas to pay attention to when assessing quality or trying to write quality code, and the bottom... » read more

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