Understanding Memory Protection Units


Let’s talk about the various security measures we take to protect our homes. We use locks, install security cameras to detect any suspicious activities, etc., all to safeguard our loved ones and valuable possessions. In similar sense, the tiny microcontrollers inside our devices have protection units (PU) that safeguard the precious resource: memory. One of the most important types of prote... » read more

Securing AI/ML Training And Inference Workloads


AI/ML can be thought about in two distinct and essential functions: training and inference. Both are vulnerable to different types of security attacks and this blog will look at some of the ways in which hardware-level security can protect sensitive data and devices across the different AI workflows and pipelines. The security challenges encountered with AI/ML workloads can be addressed by i... » read more

Bug, Flaw, Or Cyberattack?


The lines between counterfeiting, security, and design flaws are becoming increasingly difficult to determine in advanced packages and process nodes, where the number of possible causes of unusual behavior grow exponentially with the complexity of a device. Strange behavior may be due to a counterfeit part, including one that contains a trojan. Or it may be the result of a cyberattack. It al... » read more

For SDVs, Software Is The Biggest Challenge


Software-defined vehicles (SDVs) involve far more than just OTA applications enabling software upgrades over the air. Software that will manage hundreds of ECUs and other functions within the vehicle is expected to grow beyond hundreds of millions of lines of code, possibly making SDV software development the number one challenge in automotive design. The benefits of SDVs, such as easy updat... » read more

Data Leakage In Heterogeneous Systems


Semiconductor Engineering sat down with Paul Chou, senior director of security architecture at NVIDIA, to discuss data leakage in heterogeneous designs. What follows are excerpts of that one-on-one interview, which was held in front of a live audience at the Hardwear.io conference. SE: We think about hardware in terms of a chip, but increasingly there is data moving through different systems... » read more

Designing Automotive ICs For Cybersecurity


The day has already arrived when we need to be concerned about the cybersecurity of our cars. An average modern car includes about 1400 ICs and many of them are used in sophisticated applications, like autonomous driving and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. The security of road vehicles is an important issue to automakers and OEMs but is rooted in the IC devices that power the vehicle... » read more

Verifying Compliance During PCIe Re-Timer Testing Poses Challenges


In PCI Express (PCIe), a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard, Compliance mode is used for testing the transmitter and interconnect to assess if their voltage and timing are compliant with the specification. This testing happens in the Polling Compliance state which is a dedicated state for Compliance testing in the Link Training and Status State Machine (LTSSM). In Unraveling the... » read more

Closing The Performance Gap Between DRAM And AI Processors


As the workhorse of semiconductor memory, DRAM holds a unique place in the industry thanks to its large storage capacity and ability to feed data and program code to the host processor quickly. Lately, this unsung hero of the circuit board has been taking a backseat to its logic counterparts, as a wave of high-performance FPGAs, CPUs, GPUs, TPUs and custom accelerator ASICs emerges to meet t... » read more

Automotive Safety Island


The promise of autonomous vehicles is driving profound changes in the design and testing of automotive semiconductor parts. Automotive ICs, once deployed for simple functions like controlling windows, are now performing complex functions related to advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving applications. The processing power required results in very large and complex ICs that ... » read more

Flexible Temperature Measurement with the ZSSC3241 Enables Bridge as Temperature Sensor


Accurate measurement using sensor elements requires precise and local measurement of the element’s temperature for correction and compensation across a wide operating range. Thus, an integral part of Sensor Signal Conditioner (SSC) functionality is to provide at least one or more methods to measure temperature of the sensor element, which is typically a resistive bridge or capacitive transduc... » read more

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