Supercomputing Efficiency Lags Performance Gains


In last month’s article, Top 500: Frontier is Still on Top, I wrote about the latest versions of the Top500 and Green500 lists. Power is an incredibly important aspect of designing a world performance leading supercomputer. (Why, I can remember back to when you could run the world’s fastest machine on only a couple MW of power.) The first Green500 list was published back in 2013. Happy 1... » read more

Mitigating Voltage Droop


Voltage droop, also known as IR drop, is a phenomenon that occurs when the current in the power delivery network abruptly changes due to workload fluctuations. This can lead to supply voltage drops across system-on-chips (SoCs) which can cause severe performance degradation, limit their energy efficiency, and in extreme cases can cause catastrophic timing failures. To avoid these issues, conven... » read more

Top500: Frontier Is Still On Top


The latest versions of the Top500 and Green500 lists were just released on May 22, 2023. The last time that I wrote about the Green500, a Chinese machine, NRCPC’s Sunway TaihuLight, was sitting at the top of the Top500 list. It’s been a while since I last wrote about these lists and it’s interesting to look back at the leap in performance and energy efficiency over the past 7 years. ... » read more

TSMC Targets N2 Production For 2025


April ended with TSMC’s financial results for the 1st Quarter of 2023 reported on April 20, 2023, and their North American Technology Symposium was held on April 27 at the Santa Clara Convention Center. TSMC’s N3 entered volume production in 4Q 2022 and TSMC’s N2 “nanosheet” technology is on schedule for production in 2025. TSMC’s CEO, C.C. Wei, said during the 1Q conference cal... » read more

Squeezing The Margins


Back in 2016, we looked at the MediaTek Helio X20, the first Tri-Gear mobile SoC. Tri-Gear is a step beyond ARM’s big.LITTLE concept of using two different cores that have unique power and performance characteristics, by adding a third core. The main advantage to this approach is having more core choices to best run workloads at better energy efficiency and performance operating points. At... » read more

Cutting Clock Costs On The Bleeding Edge Of Process Nodes


In a recent study done by McKinsey and IDC, we see that physical design and verification costs are increasing exponentially with shrinking transistor sizes. As figure 1 shows, physical design (PD) and pre-silicon verification costs are doubling each process leap. As companies leap from node to leading node, a natural question arises. Why is it becoming harder and more expensive to tapeout a chi... » read more

Adaptive Clocking: Minding Your P-States And C-States


Larger processor arrays are here to stay for AI and cloud applications. For example, Ampere offers a 128-core behemoth for hyperscalers (mainly Oracle), while Esperanto integrates almost 10x more cores for AI workloads. However, power management becomes increasingly important with these arrays, and system designers need to balance dynamic power with system latency. As we march year over year, t... » read more

Enabling Big Chip AI Solutions Through Intelligent Clock Networks


Data centers, autonomous vehicles, and computer vision applications are pushing the limits of scalable AI compute. Data center chips face multi-trillion parameter models that continue growing every year. ADAS systems require flexibility and processing power for new model types, such as vision transformers. Edge AI solutions demand tight power budgets and the ability to process multiple models i... » read more

Low Earth Orbit Satellites For More Reliable Internet


Working from home may have reduced the stress of commuting, but it put a heavy strain on the power grid and ate into energy reserves. Still, with utilities such as electricity and water, it's possible to buy or borrow from adjacent grids or territories. The same cannot be said for internet service providers. They cannot just borrow from another service provider. Instead, their customers woul... » read more

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